What is Testing and Full details about Testing

"Testing" in the context of software development is the process of evaluating and verifying that a software application or system functions as expected. It involves executing the software to identify bugs, defects, or areas where it deviates from the intended behavior. Testing ensures that the product meets the required specifications and quality standards before it is deployed or released to end-users.

1. Purpose of Testing

Software testing  is essential in the software development lifecycle (SDLC). Its primary purposes include:

• Bug Identification: Detecting defects or errors in the software that could lead to crashes, incorrect results, or security vulnerabilities.
• Validation and Verification: Ensuring that the software meets the functional and non-functional requirements outlined by stakeholders.
• Quality Assurance: Providing confidence that the software is reliable, secure, and performs well under various conditions.
• User Satisfaction: Ensuring that the end product is user-friendly and delivers a good user experience.

2. Types of Testing

There are various types of software testing, each with a distinct function. They can be broadly categorized into manual testing and automated testing. Here are some common types:

a. Manual Testing:

• Exploratory Testing: Involves exploring the software without predefined test cases, focusing on discovering unexpected behavior.
• Usability Testing: Checks how user-friendly the application is by evaluating the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX).
• Regression Testing: Ensures that recent changes or bug fixes do not negatively impact the existing functionality.
• Smoke Testing: A preliminary check to see if the most critical functions of the software are working correctly before conducting deeper tests.

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How to Make Folder from excel

Today we know that How to make folder from excel

To create a folder from an Excel file, you can follow these steps:

1.  Open the File Explorer on your computer
2. Navigate to the location where you want to create the new folder.
3. Right-click on the empty space in the File Explorer window and select "New" from the context menu.
4. Select "Folder" from the sub-menu that appears.
5. Give the folder a name that you want to use.
6. Press Enter to create the folder.

Alternatively, if you want to create a folder using data from an Excel file, you can use a VBA macro to automate the process. Here is an example macro that creates a new folder using data from cell A1 in the active worksheet:

Press Alt+F11 to open the Visual Basic Editor.

Select "Insert" from the menu bar and choose "Module."

Paste the following code into the code window:

Folder creation code:--

Sub MakeFolders()

Dim Rng As Range

Dim maxRows, maxCols, r, c As Integer

Set Rng = Selection

maxRows = Rng.Rows.Count

maxCols = Rng.Columns.Count

For c = 1 To maxCols

r = 1

Do While r <= maxRows

If Len(Dir(ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\" & Rng(r, c), vbDirectory)) = 0 Then

MkDir (ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\" & Rng(r, c))

On Error Resume Next

End If

r = r + 1

Loop

Next c

End Sub

Press F5 or click the "Run" button to execute the macro. When the macro runs, it creates a new folder with the name specified in cell A1 of the active worksheet. You can modify the code to use a different cell reference or to create multiple folders at once if needed.

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Selenium Features and Limitations

 

Selenium Features

Selenium is an open-source tool that helps developers and testers automate web applications. It allows them to simulate user actions on a web browser and check if the application behaves as expected. This can help catch bugs and ensure the application works correctly before it is released to users. Selenium is free and widely used by developers and testers to automate their testing process. It provides a range of features to help developers and testers to automate web applications.

Selenium has a number of important features, including:

•         Cross-browser compatibility: Selenium supports multiple web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer.
•         Multi-language support: Selenium supports several programming languages like Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript, making it easier for developers to use their preferred language.
•        Record and playback: Selenium IDE allows users to record and playback test scripts, making it easier for users who are new to automation testing.
•        Support for various operating systems: Selenium supports multiple operating systems such as Windows, Mac, and Linux.
•         Parallel test execution: Selenium Grid enables parallel execution of tests on multiple browsers and platforms, thus reducing test execution time.
•         Integration with other tools: Selenium can be easily integrated with other testing tools like TestNG, JUnit, and Cucumber, making it easier for developers and testers to use it with their existing testing frameworks.
•         Cross-domain testing: Selenium can test applications that span across multiple domains, making it easier for testers to check the compatibility of an application across different environments.
•         Support for different locator strategies: Selenium supports multiple locator strategies like ID, Name, CSS Selector, Xpath, and Tag Name to identify elements on a web page.
•         Continuous integration: Selenium can be integrated with CI/CD tools like Jenkins and TeamCity, making it easier to automate the testing process as part of the continuous integration pipeline.
•         Headless browser testing: Selenium supports headless browser testing, allowing developers and testers to run tests without a graphical user interface. This can significantly reduce the test execution time and can be useful for testing applications that run on servers without a GUI.

Selenium Limitations

While Selenium is a powerful and widely used tool for automating web applications, it also has some limitations. Some of the key limitations of Selenium are:

•         Limited support for desktop applications: Selenium is primarily designed for automating web applications and has limited support for automating desktop applications.
•         Requires manual maintenance of test scripts: Test scripts created with Selenium require manual maintenance to keep them up-to-date with changes in the application under test.
•         Difficult to test non-web elements: Selenium is not well suited for testing non-web elements such as pop-up windows, system dialogs, and native OS features.
•         No built-in reporting: Selenium does not have built-in reporting capabilities, so users have to rely on third-party tools to generate reports.
•         Limited support for mobile testing: While Selenium can be used to automate mobile web testing, it has limited support for automating native mobile applications.
•         Requires technical expertise: Using Selenium requires technical expertise and programming skills, making it challenging for non-technical team members to use.
•         Can be slow: Selenium tests can be slow to execute, especially when running tests on multiple browsers and platforms.
•         Can be flaky: Selenium tests can be flaky, meaning they may fail intermittently without a clear reason, making it challenging to identify the root cause of failures. 

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Selenium

Selenium

Selenium is one of the most popular open source Web UI (User Interface) automation testing tool. Jason Huggins was originally developed in 2004. Selenium supports automation across different browsers, platforms and programming languages. On operating systems like Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Macintosh, Selenium can be simply installed.

Selenium is an open-source suite of tools for automating web browsers, which can be used for testing web applications, scraping websites, or automating repetitive tasks in a browser. It is primarily used for automating tests for web applications and supports multiple programming languages, including Python, Java, C#, and Ruby.

Selenium consists of several components:

1. Selenium WebDriver: an API that allows users to write scripts that interact with a browser as a user would.

2. Selenium Grid: a tool that enables parallel execution of tests across multiple machines, allowing for large scale, distributed testing.

3. Selenium IDE: a browser plugin that provides an easy-to-use interface for creating and running Selenium tests.

Selenium can be used with various browser types, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer, and can be run on various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. Additionally, Selenium integrates with various testing frameworks, such as JUnit, TestNG, and Mocha.

Automation Testing:- 

Automation testing is a method of testing software applications where tests are executed automatically, without manual intervention. The aim of automation testing is to increase efficiency, speed up the testing process, and improve overall software quality by detecting and fixing defects early in the development process.

There are various tools and frameworks available for automating tests, including Selenium, Appium, TestComplete, and many others. You can create test scripts using these tools in a number of different programming languages, including Java, Python, C#, and others.

The tests can range from simple unit tests that test individual code components to complex end-to-end tests that cover multiple components and interactions. Automated tests can also be integrated with continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines to ensure that tests are executed every time new code is committed or deployed.

However, it's important to note that automation testing is not a replacement for manual testing, as manual testing still plays a critical role in the testing process. Automation testing should be seen as a complement to manual testing, helping to increase the speed, efficiency, and reliability of the testing process.

Automation Testing Life Cycle

Automation Testing Life Cycle is a process that outlines the steps involved in automating the testing of software applications. It typically involves the following stages:

Test Planning: This stage involves defining the scope of testing, identifying the objectives and goals of the test, and determining the testing strategy. This includes identifying the testing tools and framework to be used, selecting the automation testing team, and creating a test plan.

Test Design: In this stage, the automation testers create test cases and test scripts based on the requirements and specifications of the software application. The test cases are designed to cover all possible scenarios, including both positive and negative test cases.

Test Development: This stage involves the actual development of the automation scripts. The automation testers use a chosen scripting language and automation tool to create automated test scripts that can execute the test cases.

Test Execution: In this stage, the automated tests are run against the software application. The automation testers execute the automated test scripts and generate reports that provide information on the pass/fail status of each test case.

Test Reporting: After test execution, the automation testers generate reports that provide a detailed summary of the test results. The reports should provide an overview of the testing process, including the test objectives, testing strategy, test cases, test execution, and results.

Test Maintenance: The automation testers must maintain the automated test scripts and ensure they remain up-to-date with any changes made to the software application. This includes updating test scripts, fixing defects, and incorporating new test cases as necessary.

By following the Automation Testing Life Cycle, organizations can ensure that the automation testing process is well-defined, consistent, and efficient, thereby reducing the time and effort required for software testing while improving the quality of the software application.

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Grey-Box Testing

 Grey-Box Testing:-  Grey-box testing is a type of software testing that combines both black-box and white-box testing methods. Grey-box testing involves having knowledge of the internal structure and design of the system being tested, but not necessarily all the details. This allows for a more thorough testing, as the tester can focus on specific areas of the system that may be more prone to errors. Examples of grey-box testing include testing of software libraries, APIs, and other components that have well-defined interfaces but complex internal structures.

Context-specific mistakes that pertain to web systems are frequently found throughout this process. By focusing on every layer of any complicated system, it broadens the testing coverage.

In simple way, Software testing technique known as "Grey Box Testing" combines both White Box Testing and Black Box Testing.

•  Internal structure (code) is known in White Box testing
• Internal structure (code) is unknown in black box testing.
• and only partially known in grey box testing.

Grey box testing example:- When testing links or orphan links on websites, if the tester finds any issues, he can immediately make the necessary modifications in the HTML code and retest.

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Intoduces Robotic Process Automation

What is RPA ?

The technology that enables task automation in a manner identical to that performed by a human is known as robotic process automation (RPA). Robotic process automation refers to computer programmes that mimic human behaviour rather than actual robots that will physically replace humans.

Historical Assessment

Robotic process automation demonstrates why it is a revolutionary technology. But whether RPA represents a new breakthrough or is just a continuation of earlier technology is a hotly debated subject in the automation field.

Software for Screen Scraping

A screen scraping tool is used to extract essential phrases, numbers, or other crucial statistics from massive collections of static data or other visual representations of data. We can claim that RPA uses the same capabilities in this situation. Even RPA is integrating screen scraping capabilities into a larger suite of functions.

Tools for Workflow Automation and Management

As the name implies, these tools can assist in processing orders by gathering contact information for the customer, the total amount of the invoice, and the items requested. They also alert the appropriate staff and translate these details into our company database. These tools do away with human data entering. We can claim that RPA uses the same capabilities in this situation. Even RPA is expanding the functionality of its task automation tool capabilities.

Machine intelligence

The ability of computer systems to carry out tasks that often need human participation and intellect is known as artificial intelligence (AI). AI devices could take the place of laborious and manual

The ability of computer systems to carry out tasks that often need human participation and intellect is known as artificial intelligence (AI). AI devices could take the place of laborious and manual labour that takes a long time. We can claim that RPA uses the same capabilities in this situation. Even RPA is incorporating AI skills into a more comprehensive set of tasks. The three automation breakthroughs mentioned above were all important in some way, but RPA's capacity to combine and improve specific elements of each of these technologies makes it a significant technology.

RPA: Why?

RPA can be used to bridge the gap between systems and process in the typical enterprise environment of today. Here is an example of a common business scenario: The following diagram may help you understand how the usual PROCESS in a company environment is changing quickly due to competition:  can be understood with the help of following diagram:

                                        

If we discuss TECHNOLOGY in the context of business, a typical organisation uses numerous, disjointed IT systems to carry out its operations. However, these technical procedures cannot support business at the required level due to a lack of updating. The diagram below can help you understand it:

When it comes to PEOPLE in a business setting, a typical company employs human labour to bridge the gap between systems and processes.

RPA vs. test automation

Some obvious comparisons between RPA and test automation include quick release, reduced time and cost requirements, correctness, and quality assurance.

Below are some helpful metrics that highlight the main differences between them.

Goal: The primary objective of test automation is to shorten the testing process through automation. On the other side, RPA aims to automate headcount reduction.

Coding skills:- To write test scripts for test automation, one needs coding abilities. No coding knowledge is necessary for RPA because it is wizard-driven. 

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Integration Testing in software testing

 Integration Testing:- Integration testing is the second-level software testing process. this testing performs after unit testing. in this testing Software components and modules are tested in the group.

Why Do integration testing?

Integration testing insure that the software how will perform when all modules are combined.

Integration Testing Example:-  I have a fund transfer page. First, we will log in software by A user to transfer amount after transfer amount to B user and show the message on the screen that amounts successfully transfer

Let us understand Integration Testing with example. Let us assume that you work for an IT Company which has been asked to develop an online Hotel booking website for a other Company .

After All requirements gathering, analysis and design were completed, Then a developer was assigned to develop each of the modules below.

User registration and Authentication/Login Product Catalogue Shopping Cart Billing Payment gateway integration Shipping and Package Tracking

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Java Interview Questions and Answers for SDET.

 Question 1: -Explain public static void main(String[] arg)

public: - public is an access modifier, which means that this method is accessible by any class.

Static: - static keyword tells that this method can be accessed without creating an instance of the class.

Void: - this main method returns no value.

Main: - it is the name of java's main method.

String arg[]: - The arg is an array of string types. This contains the command line argument that we can pass while running the program.

Question 2:-What is an object and class?

Object: - An object is an instance of a class.

Class: - A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created.

Question 3: - What is static in java?

The static keyword is a non-access modifier used for methods, class variables, and attributes.

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly.

Question 4: - What do you mean by the constructor?

 Constructor:-  Constructor is a special type of method whose name is the same as a class name. Constructor is called when an instance of the class is created

Questions 6:-  Why create a constructor. The main purpose of Constructor?

The purpose of a constructor is to perform initialize the object of a class.

Question 7:- What is different between final finalize and finally?

Final:-  Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. a final method can not be overridden and the final class can not be inherited. and also final variable's value can not be changed.

Question 8: - What is array and ArrayList?

Question 9: - What is the platform?

Ans:-  Platform is a software and hardware programs that runs any machine.

Question 10:- What is abstract class?

Question 11:- What are the differences between C++ and Java?

Questions 12: - Why java is platform independent ?

Questions 13: - Which class is a superclass of all classes?

Questions 14:-  What is a JIT compiler ?

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